Thursday, November 28, 2019

Dental Clinic Database Essay Example

Dental Clinic Database Essay Our clinic was established on the year 1965 after taking the board exam. It was started with a modest dental chair and makes our living room as dental office. After several years of practice and after gaining the confidence of my patient the dental clinic expanded with two modern dental chairs. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this working group was to assess and make specific recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of clinical research in implant dentistry and discuss ways to reach a consensus on choice of outcomes. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Many dental procedures are performed in the dental hygiene clinic. The highly skilled and professional staff performs services which include preventive treatment. Health History (including blood pressure screening), Oral Cancer Screening, Periodontal Assessment, Oral Hygiene Education, Necessary Radiographs (X-rays), Pain control (topical/local anesthetic), Oral Prophylaxis (scaling, root planting polishing if needed), Flouride Treatment, Cleaning of Dentures, Smoking Cessation Education, Study Models, Tooth Desensitization and Home Care Aids are included. We will write a custom essay sample on Dental Clinic Database specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dental Clinic Database specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dental Clinic Database specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Procedures are done by first and second year dental hygiene students under the supervision of dental hygiene faculty who are registered dental hygienists and licensed dentists. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Since the mid-1990s, the focus of studies on tooth wear has steadily shifted from the general condition towards the more specific area of dental erosion; equally, a shift has occurred from studies in adults to those in children and adolescents. During this time, understanding of the condition has increased greatly. This paper attempts to provide a critical overview of the development of this body of knowledge, from earlier perceptions to the present. It is accepted that dental erosion has a multifactorial background, in which individual and lifestyle factors have great significance. Notwithstanding methodological differences across studies, data from many countries confirm that dental erosion is common in children and young people, and that, when present, it progresses rapidly. That the condition, and its ramifications, warrants serious consideration in clinical dentistry, is clear. It is important for the oral healthcare team to be able to recognize its early signs and symptoms and to understand its pathogenesis. Preventive strategies are essential ingredients in the management of patients with dental erosion. When necessary, treatment aimed at correcting or improving its effects might best be of a minimally invasive nature. Still, there remains a need for further research to forge better understanding of the subject. SCOPE AND LIMITATION Modern orthognathic surgical procedures allow correction of bony disproportion in almost any part of the face, but are limited in the fine tuning of tooth position and occlusion. However, carefully planned combined surgical and orthodontic treatment can produce dental and skeletal results of a high standard. If a GDP is presented with a malocclusion beyond the scope of normal orthodontic treatment, then referral to an oral surgery/orthodontic clinic is indicated. This article provides an overview of what the team on such a clinic can achieve. ORGAZINATIONAL CHARTÂ  Of MAYOR DENTAL CLINIC Dr. REGINO C. MAYOR Dra. GLORIA C. MAYOR DENTIST DENTIST Dr. ROMULO Y. MAYOR Dra. ROSELLE C. MAYOR DENTIST DENTIST Dra. MEG RIVERA Dra. ODETTE MARCELO-MAYOR DENTIST DENTIST LYN RODRIGUEZ ASSISTANT CHAPTER I Company Background CHAPTER II DATABASE DESIGN (Tables and Fields) DATABASE DESIGN (Tables and Fields) SUMMARY At this point, you should have forms created that allow the user to enter/edit data for Dentist, Dental Assistants, Patients, Procedures and Appointments (including the details of the appointments such as the procedures performed). CONCLUSION As the overall health of the dental office relies on monies being received and distributed, it is necessary to understand proper protocol and procedures. All of the numerous financial records should be protected for the patients, employees, and employer(s) alike. It is important for the office to receive fees quickly and attribute monies to the proper patient accounts. When those tasks are performed efficiently, office bills and employee payroll can be distributed. These duties can be performed swiftly and professionally via the use of a computer and the corresponding dental software, but also by using traditional manual methods and specialized office forms. CHAPTER III SUMMARY FINDINGS TASK DISTRIBUTION Joselito Poblete * Documentation Creator * Designer Jonathan Martinez * Encoder * Layout Neil Dela Cruz * Researcher * Data Gatherer DOCUMENTATION PICTURES COMPANY PICTURES CHECK UP STATION OPERATION ROOM WAITING AREA

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Alternative chemical names Essay Example

Alternative chemical names Essay Example Alternative chemical names Essay Alternative chemical names Essay 1. Introduction: 1.1. Background on GHB Gamma hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) is a fatty acid consists of a short concatenation with four Cs has the undermentioned expression: Ohio? ? ? CH2? ? ? CH2? ? ? ? CH2? ? ? ? COOH GHB has alternate chemical names including 4- hydroxybutyrate, 4- hydroxybutanoic acid, hydroxybutyric acid and Na ox bate. It is often supplied as a white pulverization that is odorless with somewhat piquant gustatory sensation, sometimes in capsules and on juncture as tablets. It can be taken orally and can be dissolved in H2O ( Wills, 2005 ) . GHB is a metabolite of Gamma -amino butyric acid ( GABA ) . Its presence in the encephalon shows unequal distribution and it is of import to cognize that comparatively higher degrees of GHB are discovered in kidney, bosom and skeletal musculus ( Nelson et al, 1981 ) . The normal concentration of GHB in the human encephalon is two to three times higher in the basal ganglia than in the intellectual cerebral mantles ( Okun et al. , 2001 ) . Barbaccia et Al, 2005 proposes that the presence of GHB in mammals including worlds, together with the unequal distribution in the encephalon and the talk that synthesis and release of GHB are regulated procedures, indicates that GHB may move as neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. GHB is an of import compound, in three respects, in that it is present endogenously as gamma Hydroxybutyric acid, abused drug as illegal GHB and a curative drug as Gamma Hydroxybutyrate, Na salt ; or sodium ox bates ( Carter et al. , 2009 ) . These facets are discussed below: 1.2. GHB as a curative drug GHB was synthesized in 1960 to bring forth an parallel for the ubiquitous inhibitory encephalon neurotransmitter GABA that would traverse the blood-brain barrier. It s used as anesthetic drug for minor surgical processs, but now the usage of GHB as an anesthetic is diminishing, although it is still permitted in Germany for endovenous anesthesia ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was known as Na ox bate under the trade name Xyrem for the intervention of cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, and for the intervention of utmost daytime drowsiness with narcolepsy ( Fuller and Hornfeldt, 2003 ) . Narcolepsy is considered as a sleep upset that is characterised by disconnected dark clip slumber and daylight sleepiness, and can besides include cataplexy which is characterised as loss of musculus tone with integral consciousness. Surveies in narcolepsy illustrate that GHB was valuable in handling the daylight cataplexy and helped it handling confused sleep/wake rhythms of these patients. GHB dark doses were selected to cut down the figure of night-time waking ups and daytime cataplexy ; besides it can develop a good form in narcoleptic patients ( Carter et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, GHB is under survey for insomnia associated with schizophrenic disorder. There is some presymptomatic verification of the public-service corporation of GABA? -receptor agonists such as GHB for such sleep upsets ( Balla et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was found to cut down intoxicant backdown marks and symptoms such as shudder, sudating, sickness, depression, and anxiousness ( Gallimberti et al, 1989 ) . Reports are increasing about the effectivity of GHB in advancing abstinence in alkies taking to the blessing of GHB in Italy and Austria for the intervention of alcohol addiction under the trade name Alcover ( Begh A ; egrave ; and Carpanini, 2000 ) . A new survey, verified that GHB was more valuable than Valium in handling intoxicant backdown syndrome. GHB reduced anxiousness, agitation and current depression more quickly than Valium and every bit expeditiously as clomethiazole. GHB was used at the dosage of 50-100 mg/kg separated to three or four day-to-day doses, and no terrible side effects were registered ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB is a supposed neurotransmitter that was consumed by organic structure builders to increase the release of growing endocrine, besides sold as a wellness quinine water to dieters and individuals with insomnia. GHB was manufactured throughout the late eightiess in the USA and marketed as a dietetic addendum in 1990s ( Chin et al, 1992, Okun et al. , 2001 and Wong et Al, 2004 ) . 1.3 GHB as a drug of maltreatment Throughout the late of 1990s GHB had became a popular drug in nines known as club drug due to its widespread among persons while go toing cabarets, raves, and circuit parties ( Wong et al, 2004 ) . GHB is abused significantly as a day of the month colza drug and as drug-facilitated sexual assault due to its ataractic and hypnotic effects ( Schwartz et al. , 2000 and Halkitis et al. , 2007 ) . In malice of Food and Drug Administration prohibition, this substance is still used. More than 40 instances of GHB toxic condition are reported in California with farther instances in other provinces. The forecast for GHB toxic condition instances is non bad ; there are no accepted studies of long-run inauspicious effects or deceases, nor any cogent evidence for physiological dependence ( Chin et al, 1992 ) . 2. Pharmacology of GHB Roth and Giarman ( 1970 ) demonstrated that GHB is a of course happening substance in the encephalon of mammals and suggested its function as a neurotransmitter. As illustrated in figure 1, the primary precursor of GHB in the encephalon is GABA, which is transformed into succinic semialdehyde ( SSA ) through a GABA-transaminase and so transformed into GHB by a specific succinic semialdehyde reductase ( SSR ) . GHB can besides be retransformed into SSA by a GHB dehydrogenase, and so SSA can be transformed back to GABA. SSA can besides be changed by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ( SSADH ) into succinic acid and so extra metabolized by the Krebs rhythm in chondriosome ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was revealed to heighten the activity of ventral tegmental country ( VTA ) dopaminergic nerve cells by the suppression of VTA GABAergic nerve cells and hence GHB enhances the release of Dopastat into the karyon accumbens ( NAc ) . The changing of NAc Dopastat degree is the cardinal action of many drugs of maltreatment, but most of them besides act on other sender systems besides. The other major mark is the glutamatergic system: improved glutamate transmittal is necessary to show drug-seeking, Restoration or sensitisation ; besides many drugs are exciting their ain receptor in the NAc ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 2.1. Pharmacokineticss of GHB GHB soaking up is rapid and the peak plasma concentrations following unwritten disposal are 30- 60 proceedingss. Unlike GABA, GHB easy crosses the blood-brain barrier, and the plasma half life of GHB is 20-30 min ( van Noorden et al. , 2009 ) . Although nutrient did non change riddance and urinary elimination of unchanged GHB, nutrient well affect the bioavailability of GHB by cut downing peak plasma concentration, lifting average time-to-peak concentration, and doing the country under the plasma concentration-time curve to be decreased, ( Borgen et al. , 2003 ) . Clearance is 14.0 milliliter min? ? kilogram? ? at a dosage of 12.5 mg/kg and half life is 20 proceedingss. GHB metamorphosis is really fast and leads it to come in the citric acerb rhythm as succinate which is converted to CO2 + H2O ( Doherty et al. , 1975 ) . GHB is about wholly oxidised to carbon dioxide and about 2- 5 % was eliminated in the piss ( Gantt et al. , 1997 ) . GHB is excreted in the piss, its about less than 5 % being unchanged with a maximal concentration after about 60 min. Therefore, GHB can non be detected after 24 hours following disposal, and piss can be used in forensic probes merely when the sample is collected about instantly after ingestion ( Brenneisen et al. , 2004 ) . GHB pharmacokinetics has been verified as nonlinear in worlds and rats and whole clearance diminutions with lifting dosage. Assorted mechanisms are joined to the nonlinear pharmacokinetics and these include capacity-limited metamorphosis, saturable soaking up, and nonlinear nephritic clearance. Nephritic clearance becomes increasingly of import in overdose conditions with high urinary concentrations reported in worlds ; nevertheless, metabolic clearance considered as the chief riddance tract for GHB ( Morris and Felmlee, 2009 ) . Elimination half-life corresponds to the clip needed for the concentration of drug in the plasma, or the drug sum in the organic structure, to cut down by half or 50 % , the t? of GHB is 0.3 -1.0 H, and the volume of distribution is 0.4 L/kg. Bioavailability of GHB after unwritten consumption is rather low, after five half-lives or about 97 % of a drug is eliminated from the organic structure ( Jones et al. , 2009 ) . 2.2. Pharmacodynamics of GHB GHB binds to both specific high-affinity GHB sites and to GABA? receptors, doing the apprehension of its neuropharmacology rather complex ( H A ; oslash ; g et Al, 2008 ) . Carter et al, 2009, revealed that there are several likely pharmacological mechanisms for GHB. GHB is metabolized to GABA, which binds to GABAA and GABA? receptors. Besides GHB can adhere to GABA? and/ or GHB receptors, like the NCS-382 ( 6, 7, 8, 9 -tetrahydro-5 ( H ) -5-ol- ylidene acetic acid ) drug besides adhering to GHB receptors. Selective ligands for GABAA, GABA? and GHB receptors are shown in Figure 2. A figure of the behavioural effects of GHB are non reversed by the GHB receptor adversary NCS-382, and are blocked by GABA? receptor adversaries. NCS-382 does non impact GABAA receptor-gated chloride channels or the GABA? receptor ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . This shows that some of the effects are independent of GHB receptors and GABA receptors. There is grounds from surveies of the interactions of GHB and baclofen with adversaries at the subtype of glutamate receptors called N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) . The NMDA adversary dizocilpine ( MK- 801 ) increases GHB-induced catalepsy in gnawers and these cataleptic effects of GHB are increased non merely by MK-801 but besides by other drugs with NMDA antagonist action, such as PCP ( PCP ) and Ketalar, on the other manus, these NMDA adversaries do non impact the cataleptic effects of baclofen ( Koek et al, 2009 ) . The surveies show that chronic GHB usage enhances dopaminergic, acetylcholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, and down-regulation of GABA receptors ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . 2.2.1. GABA receptors ( GABAA and GABA? receptors ) GABA? receptors are present on GABAergic and non-GABAergic nerve cells and can modulate neural ( GABAergic ) signalling pre- and post-synaptically by diminishing neurotransmitter release ( Bonanno and Raiteri, 1993 ) . Activation of GABA? receptors can increase the production of some neuroactive steroids that positively modulate GABAA receptors ( Barbaccia et al, 2002 ) . Activation of GABA? receptors by GHB can explicate the effects of GHB on GABAA receptor. Animal surveies revealed that GHB causes absence-like ictuss and this type of ictuss is aggravated by GABAA agonists ( Snead and Liu, 1992 ) . GHB effects differ from the effects of GABA, even though GHB is closely related to GABA and can trip GABA? receptors in elevated doses ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . GHB is known to be metabolized to GABA and to adhere to GABAB and GHB receptors without demoing considerable binding to sites on GABAA receptors ( Carter et al, 2009 ) . GHB in little doses has anxiolytic effects in rats, these anxiolytic effects are non opposed by the GHB receptor adversary, NCS-382, nor by Narcan, which is the opioid receptor adversary. However, the anxiolytic effects of GHB are reversed by flumazenil, which is the benzodiazepine receptor adversary, bespeaking GHB interaction with GABAA receptors that mediate the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines ( Schmidt-Mutter et al. , 1998 ) . GHB given exogenously to cut down the symptoms of intoxicant backdown syndrome in worlds due to the transition of GHB to GABA which activate GABAA receptors ( caputo et al, 2009 ) . The chief important clinical consequence of exogenic GHB is a cardinal nervous system depression by adhering to the GABA? receptor. Surveies are show that GHB activates the GABA? receptor either straight or after transition into GABA ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . 2.2.2. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) receptors GHB besides binds to the GHB receptors which are reported to be present in the mammalian encephalon. Several structural parallels of GHB were established to hold a selective activity for the GHB receptor without any consequence of GABA? receptor ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . Newly established derived functions of phenylacetic acid, including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) diclofenac, bind to definite GHB adhering sites with affinity similar to GHB, and the presence of these separate GHB binding sites is besides supported by the production of selective GHB ligands such as NCS-382 ( H A ; oslash ; g et al. , 2008 ) . GHB receptors are found chiefly in nerve cells of the cerebral mantle, striate body, and hippocampus. Not merely is GHB an endogenous substrate for GHB receptors but besides succinate, a common tricarboxylic acerb rhythm metabolite binds to the same site ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 2.3. GHB prodrugs: gamma-butyrolactone ( GBL ) and 1, 4-butanediol ( 1, 4-BD ) The GHB parallels GBL and 1, 4-BD became popular drugs, as a effect of the Food and Drug Administration prohibition on nonprescription GHB in 1990, they are quickly metabolized to GHB by the enzymes serum lactonase and intoxicant dehydrogenase, respectively.The clinical effects of GBL and 1, 4-BD are tantamount to the effects of exogenously administered GHB e.g. , sleepiness, euphory and animal feeling ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . GBL and 1, 4-BD compounds are present of course in rat encephalon at concentrations of about 1/10 of concentrations of GHB. These paths may be of significance to the synthesis of GHB under restricting conditions ( Lyon et al, 2007 ) . 3. Behavioral effects of GHB Survey in 1964 characterizes GHB as hypothermic, hypnotic, anesthetic, and anti-convulsant, with no clear respiratory depression or toxicity ( Carter et al, 2009 ) . Regular disposal of GHB causes down ordinance of GABA receptors, this lead to drug dependance as a agency to maintain up homeostasis ( Constantinides and Vincent, 2009 ) . A figure of carnal surveies indicate that the habit-forming belongingss of GHB may be mediated through the GABA? receptor ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . Numerous surveies propose that GABA? receptors are chiefly indispensable for assorted behavioral effects of GHB, including hypolocomotion, catalepsy, ataxy, loss of compensating, decreased operant responding, and discriminatory stimulation effects. The typical GABA? receptor agonist baclofen besides produce all of these effects of GHB. GABA? receptors have a important function on the GHB effects ; nevertheless, the effects of GHB are like but non indistinguishable to the effects of the baclofen, which is a typical GABA? receptor agonist ( Koek et al, 2009 ) . 4. Changes in cistron look in GHB treated cells GHB is known to hold profound pharmacological effects, through binding to either the GHB receptor or GABA receptors. It is therefore possible that exposure to GHB can be monitored beyond 12 hours by mensurating GHB dependent alterations in cistron look. In old surveies, two messenger RNA transcripts have been identified as being up regulated following GHB exposure epiregulin and Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa ( PEA-15 ) . The same survey revealed that GHB bring on cistron look alterations in a mouse theoretical account, and these alterations depend on the clip interval station exposure ( Larson et al, 2007 ) . 4.1. Epiregulin look in GHB treated cells The growing and distinction of cells are controlled by peptide growing factors and there is grounds that this growing control involves growing factors and their receptors in tumour every bit good as non-tumor cells. Epiregulin is considered as a member of the cuticular growing factor household ( Toyoda et al, 1995 ) . The cuticular growing factor receptor ( EGFR ) belongs to a household of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases and many different growing factors can function as ligands for the EGFR and these include cuticular growing factor ( EGF ) , transforming growing factor-R ( TGF-R ) , heparin-binding EGF-like growing factor ( HB-EGF ) , betacellulin ( BTC ) , amphiregulin ( AR ) , epiregulin ( EPR ) , and epigen ( EPG ) . All EGFR ligands are synthesized as membrane proteins and released from the cell surface by regulated proteolysis ( Baldys et al, 2009 ) . 4.2. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa ( PEA-15 ) look PEA-15 is a little protein ( 15 kDa ) that was recognized ab initio as a plentiful phosphoprotein in encephalon astrocytes. A figure of surveies have established that PEA-15 regulate multiple cellular maps through its interaction with constituents of chief intra- cellular transduction tracts ( Sharif et al, 2004 ) . PEA-15 is a little anti-apoptotic protein expressed in a wide assortment of tissues and enrich in astrocytes, a figure of surveies showed that PEA-15 is capable to adhere to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 ( ERK2 ) , even though it is non a substrate. The ERK2 cascade is activated by a aggregation of external factors such as growing factors, endocrines, and neurotransmitters. When initiated, the cascade plays of import functions in a scope of cellular actions such as proliferation, distinction, and programmed cell death. The inactivated ERK2 is normally situated in the cytosol. The over look of PEA-15 prevents ERK2 from roll uping in the karyon, proposing that one function of PEA-15 is to attach ERK2 in the cytosol ( Callaway et al, 2007 ) . PEA-15 plays an anti-apoptotic function in cellular tracts in a figure of cell types including malignant neoplastic disease cells and it s more expressed in terminally differentiated cells advancing endurance ( Mizrak et al, 2007 ) . Phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes ( PED/PEA-15 ) is overexpressed in several tissues of persons affected by type 2 diabetes. In integral cells and in transgenic animate being theoretical accounts, PED/PEA-15 over look impair insulin ordinance of glucose conveyance and this is mediated by its interaction with the C-terminal D4 sphere of phospholipase D1 ( PLD1 ) and the attendant addition of protein kinase C- activity. ( Viparelli et al, 2008 ) 4.1. SHSY5Y cell line The SH- SY5Y cell line is a three times cloned neuroblastoma cells, originated from the neuroblastoma line SK-N-SH which are originally established from a bone marrow biopsy of a neuroblastoma patient and neuroblastoma line SK-N-MC. SHSY5Y cells are described foremost in 1978 and go avaiable for surveies ( ( Biedler et al,1973 and Biedler et al,1978 ) . Recent surveies in SH-SY5Y cell lines illustrate the efficiency of transition of 1,4 Butanediol to GHB when the chief GHB synthesis tract from GABA is closed, one time the concentration of GHB is lowered, the cell respond to counterbalance GHB, this explains the presence of specific doorsill for GHB in the cell ( Lyon et al, 2007 ) . The SHSY5Y cells are often used as a neural cell theoretical account due to their sympathetic characteristic and low resting membrane potency, SHSY5Y cells are used in many surveies associating to tumour cell growing and neural cell biological science ( Tosetti et al, 1998 ) . Astroglial cell line The cardinal nervous system consists of a figure of cell populations, largely nerve cells, microglial cells and macroglial cells. The chief macroglial cell types are astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Many maps including cellular support, ion homeostasis, neurotransmitters uptake, CNS immune system part and neuromodulation are attributed to astroglia ( Ridet et al, 1997 ) . Astrocytes are late considered as cells that propagate Ca2+ over drawn-out distance in response to stimulation, and, like nerve cells, release senders ( called gliotransmitters ) in a Ca2+-dependent mode to set a host of important encephalon maps. Astrocytes are besides stated to play an of import function in modulating neural excitant synaptic activity by Ca2+-dependent release of the gliotransmitters glutamate and ATP ( Fiacco, et Al, 2009 ) . Recent surveies found that the chief consequence of GHB in the karyon accumbens ( NAC ) was the activation of subpopulation of astrocytes. It induced Ca2+ transients in a subpopulation of astrocytes and this consequence is dose-dependent. GHB did non move on GABA? receptor or GHB receptor in the NAC, but induced Ca2+ transients in a subpopulation of astrocytes. The activation of astrocytes by GHB proposes their association in GHB-mediated physiological effects ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 5. Purpose of this survey This survey is aimed to widen the window of sensing of GHB beyond 12 hours through happening robust alternate markers of GHB disposal. GHB maltreatment and particularly in day of the month colza sexual assaults has increased in recent old ages. Current sensing methods rely on trying blood and piss but the rapid rate of metamorphosis of GHB means that GHB can vanish and the condemnable instances are frequently hard to prosecute. However, GHB is known to hold profound pharmacological effects, through binding to either the GHB receptor or GABA receptors. It is therefore possible that exposure to GHB can be monitored beyond 12 hours by mensurating the GHB dependant alterations in cistron look. 6. Survey program In this survey, the consequence of different doses and times of GHB exposure on the look of epiregulin, PEA-15 and other cistrons in SH-SY5Y cells and astroglial cells will be evaluated utilizing a combination of quantitative RT-PCR, Western smudges and proteomics ( 2D-gels ) . I hope that a full look profile will be obtained, and besides that the mechanism of ordinance can be elucidated, including finding of the function of GHB and GABA receptors in interceding these effects, by proving GHB, GBL1 and1, 4-BD, in add-on to GHB and GABA receptors antagonsts. 7. Decision GHB is an of import and actuating compound in that it is present endogenously as gamma Hydroxybutyric acid, abused drug as illegal GHB, and a curative drug as Gamma Hydroxybutyrate, Na salt ; or sodium ox bates. GHB has been extensively used in a date-rape sexual assaults in the last old ages and the condemnable instances are frequently hard to prosecute, it causes a forensic job due to its rapid metamorphosis and riddance. GHB is besides found endogenously as a metabolite of GABA neurotransmitter. However, it expresses many characters that indicate it can be a neurotransmitter itself. GHB is an of import and actuating compound in that it is present endogenously, abused drug, and a curative drug. 8. Mentions: Baldys A. , Go?oz M. , Morinelli TA. , Lee MH. , Raymond JR. , Luttrell LM. and Raymond Sr. ( 2009 ) . Essential function of c-Cbl in amphiregulin-Induced Recycling and signaling of the endogenous cuticular growing factor receptor. Biochemistry, Vol. 48, No.7: 1462-1473 Balla A. , Nattini M.E. , Sershen H. , Lajtha A. , Dunlop D.S. , and Javitt D.C. ( 2009 ) . GABAB/NMDA receptor interaction in the ordinance of extracellular do-pamine degrees in gnawer prefrontal cerebral mantle and striate body. Neuropharmacology 56: 915-921 Barbaccia ML. , Carai M.A. , Colombo G. , Lobina C. , Purdy R.H. and Gessa G.L. ( 2005 ) . Endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid GABAA receptor active neurosteroids and sedative/hypnotic action of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid ( GHB ) : a survey in GHB-S ( sensitive ) and GHB-R ( resistant ) rat lines. Neuropharmacology 49, pp. 48-58. Barbaccia M.L. , Colombo G. , Affricano D. , Carai A.M. , Vacca G. and Melis S. ( 2002 ) . GABAB receptor-mediated addition of neurosteroids by? -hydroxybutyric acid. Neuropharmacology 42: 782-791 Begh A ; egrave ; F. and Carpanini M.T. ( 2000 ) . Safety and tolerability of gamma- hydroxybutyric acid in the intervention of alcoholic patients. Alcohol 20: 223-225. Biedler J. L. , Helson L. , and Spengler B. A. ( 1973 ) . 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Metamorphosis of ( 1-14C ) gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by rat encephalon after intraventricular injection. Biochem Pharmacol 24 ( 4 ) : 469-74. Fiacco TA, Agulhon C, and McCarthy KD. ( 2009 ) .Sorting out astrocyte physiology from pharmacological medicine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 49:151-74. Review. Fuller D.E. and Hornfeldt C.S. ( 2003 ) . From club drug to orphan drug: Na oxybate ( Xyrem ) for the intervention of cataplexy. Pharmacotherapy 23: 1205-1209. Gallimberti L. , Canton G. , Gentile N. , Ferri M. , Cibin M. and Ferrara S.D. ( 1989 ) .Gamma- hydroxybutyric acid for intervention of intoxicant backdown syndrome. Lancet 30:787-789. Gantt P.G. , Frederick S.L. , Frank E. , Staggers J.R. Marco G.S. , Alex S. and David E.S. ( 1997 ) Gamma- hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of maltreatment. Addiction, 92 ( 1 ) : 89- 96 Halkitis P.N. , Palamar J.J. and Mukherjee P.P. ( 2007 ) . Poly-club-drug usage among homosexuals and bisexual work forces: a longitudinal analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 89, pp. 153-160. H A ; oslash ; g S. , Wellendorph P. , Nielsen B. , Frydenvang K. , Dahl IF. , Osborne HB. , Brehm L, Fr A ; oslash ; lund B. and Clausen RP ( 2008 ) . Novel high-affinity and selective biaromatic 4-substituted? -hydroxybutyric acid ( GHB ) analogues as GHB ligands: design, synthesis, and adhering surveies. J. Med. Chem. , 51: 8088-8095 Jones AW, Eklund A. and Kronstrand R. ( 2009 ) . Concentration-time profiles of gamma- hydroxybutyrate in blood after recreational doses are best described by zero-order instead than first-order dynamicss. J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Jul-Aug ; 33 ( 6 ) :332-5 Koek W. , Mercer S.L. , Coop A. , and France C.P. ( 2009 ) . Behavioral effects of? -Hydroxybutyrate, its precursor? -Butyrolactone, and GABA? receptor agonists: clip class and differential hostility by the GABA? Receptor antagonist 3- Aminopropyl ( diethoxymethyl ) phosphinic Acid ( CGP35348 ) . J. Pharmacoogy and Experimental Therapeutic vol. 330 ( 3 ) :876-883. Larson SJ, Putnam EA, Schwanke CM, Pershouse MA. ( 2007 ) . Potential alternate markers for gamma-hydroxybutyrate disposal may widen the sensing window from 12 to 48 hours. J. Anal. Toxicol. 31: 15-22. Lyon, R. C. , . Johnston. S. M, Watson.D.G. , McGarvie.G and Ellis.E.M. ( 2007 ) . Synthesis and katabolism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: function of the aldo-keto reductase AKR7A2. J Biol Chem 282 ( 36 ) : 25986-92. Mizrak S.C. , Mihara F.R. , P A ; aacute ; rraga M. , Bogerd J. , van de Kant H.J.G. , L A ; oacute ; pez-Casas P.P. , Paz M. , delMazo J. and de Rooij D.G. ( 2007 ) . Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes-15 is expressed in mouse testicle and protects spermatocytes from programmed cell death. Reproduction 133: 743-751 Moln A ; aacute ; R T. , Antal K. , Nyitrai G. and Emri Z. ( 2009 ) . gamma-Hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) induces GABA? receptor independent intracellular Ca2+ transients in astrocytes, but has no consequence on GHB or GABA ( B ) receptors of medium spinous nerve cells in the karyon accumbens. Neuroscience 162: 268-281 Morris ME and Felmlee MA. ( 2009 ) . Overview of the proton-coupled MCT ( SLC16A ) household of transporters: word picture, map and function in the conveyance of the drug of maltreatment gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. AAPS J. 10 ( 2 ) :311-21. Nelson T. , Kaufman E. , Kline J and Sokoloff L. ( 1981 ) . The extraneural distribution of gamma- hydroxybutyrate. J Neurochem 37 ( 5 ) : 1345-8. Okun MS, Boothby LA, Bartfield RB. and Doering PL. ( 2001 ) Gamma hydroxybutyrate: an of import pharmacologic and clinical update. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci 4 ( 2 ) :167-175. Ridet J. L. , Malhotra S.K. , Privat A. and Gage F.H. ( 1997 ) . Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological map. Trends Neurosci 20, pp. 570-577. Roth R. and Giarman N. ( 1970 ) . Natural happening of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian encephalon. Biochemical Pharmacology 19: 1087- 1092. Schmidt-Mutter C. , Pain L. , Sandner G. , Gobaille S. and Maitre M. ( 1998 ) . The anxiolytic consequence of gamma hydroxybutyrate in the elevated plus labyrinth is reversed by the benzodiazepine receptor adversary, flumazenil. European Journal of Pharmacology 342: 21-27. Schwartz RH, Milteer R, and LeBeau MA. ( 2000 ) . Drug-facilitated sexual assault ( date colza ) . South Med J. 93 ( 6 ) :558-561. Sharif A. , Renault F. , Beuvon F. , Castellanos R. , Canton B. , Barbeito L. , Junier M.P. , and Chneiweiss H. ( 2004 ) . The look of PEA-15 ( phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa ) defines subpopulations of astrocytes and nerve cells throughout the grownup mouse encephalon. Neuroscience 126: 263-275. Snead O.C. and Liu C.C. ( 1992 ) . GABAA receptor map in the? -hydroxybutyrate theoretical account of generalised absence ictuss. Neuropharmacology 32 ( 1993 ) , pp. 401-409 Ticku M.K. and Mehta A.K. ( 2008 ) . Word picture and pharmacological medicine of the GHB receptor. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1139: 374-385 Tosetti, P. , Taglietti, V. , Toselli, M. ( 1998 ) . Functional alterations in K conductance of the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y during in vitro distinction. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 648-658 Toyoda H. , Komurasaki T. , Uchida D. , Takayama Y. , Isobe T. , Okuyama T. , and Hanada K. ( 1995 ) . Epiregulin. A fresh cuticular growing factor with mitogenic activity for rat primary hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 7495-7500. new wave Noorden M.S. , new wave Dongen L.C. , Zitman F.G. and Vergouwen T.A. ( 2009 ) . Gamma- hydroxybutyrate backdown syndrome: unsafe but non well-known. Gen. Hosp. Psych. vol.31 ( 4 ) :394-6 Viparelli F. , Cassese A. , Doti N. , Paturzo F. , Marasco D. , Dathan N.A. , Monti S.M. , Basile G. , Ungaro P. , Sabatella M. , Miele C. , Teperino R. , Consiglio E. , Pedone C. , Beguinot F. , Formisano P. , and Ruvo M. ( 2008 ) . Targeting of PED/PEA-15

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Hard water in Chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hard water in Chemistry - Assignment Example C02 and water reacts with each other carbonic acid. Carbonic acid usually exists as a bicarbonate ion at a normal environmental pH.   (figure 1) . Extensive limestone deposits have been built up over the years by microorganism by taking up of this carbonic acid. Groundwater acquires calcium and bicarbonate ions and hence becomes "hard". If the bicarbonate ions are a lot then they may form a precipitate like that in pipes. (Figure 2)Temporary hardnessTemporary hardness is referred to such water that can lose its hardness by simply boiling it. Boiling water gives rise to the following reaction2 HCO3–  Ã¢â€ â€™ CO32–  + CO2CO32–  reacts with Calcium  or Magnesium  ions. This leads to the formation of a precipitate. This precipitate is actually calcium and magnesium carbonates which are insoluble in nature.Water that doesn’t lose it hardness by boiling is known to be permanently hard. This is mainly due to the presence of chloride or sulphate, that is, it contains anions. Traditional water softening is usually carried out through a process that is known as ion exchange. Ion exchange refers to the process in which chloride and sodium ions exchange places. These ions are fixed comparatively loosely to something called a zeolite. Zeolite may be understood referring to figure 3 in the appendix,Although they is quite some proof that electromagnetic devices may be useful in preventing the formation of scale.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Planning and Preparing to Teach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and Preparing to Teach - Essay Example In the process of going through the discussion, appropriate teaching and learning approaches will be tackled in details followed by identifying some strategic ways on how the paramedics can deliver inclusion sessions to motivate the learners to learn the best technique in managing the patients’ airway. To meet the curriculum requirements, the use of teaching and learning strategies as well as important resources will be discussed one by one. The paramedics has a huge role and responsibilities to meet when teaching the students to conduct basic life support such as the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and first-aid techniques when dealing with emergency and life-threatening cases (Hazinski, et al., 2004). Specifically the blood loss that may occur when the victim is seriously injured can lead to cardiac arrest (The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation., 2000). This situation requires immediate call for ambulance, CPR, early defibrillation (if necessary), and early advanced life support to prevent brain death (Hazinski, et al., 2004; Hickey et al., 1995). By encouraging the students to perform immediate action, paramedics will be able to increase the survival rate of the victim (Robertson, 2000). Obstruction in the patient’s normal airway functioning is a life-threatening scenario since the lack of oxygen that flows in the blood that flows through the human body can lead to end-organ damage, hypoxia, hypoxemia, and high mortality rates. (Eddleston et al., 2006; Levy, 2005; St. John, 2004; Ayus & Arieff, 1995) For this reason, it is crucial on the part of the paramedics to pay close attention with the patients’ breathing pattern during the assessment stage. Given that the patient shows signs and symptoms that there is an obstruction to the patients’ airway, paramedics should immediately establish the patient’s airway as part of the initial management

Monday, November 18, 2019

Construction, operation and associated circuitry of common Assignment

Construction, operation and associated circuitry of common - Assignment Example Even so, this should not be applied in the spaces such as courtroom and conference hall, which find instantaneous controls to be important. The dimming characteritisc could be achieved through the fixing with fluorescent and incandescent as well as with HID. One of the forms of lighting is alcove lighting. It is ordinary in that it is indirect. This finds a lot of application in the fluorescent lighting, neon lighting or even rope. This can also be described as a form of backlighting. There are other approaches that could be utilized to compelement this form of lighting. For example, close-to-wall lighting, or soffit, could be utilized to bring out an appealing texture, although this has its limitations. More often than not, the effect is dependent upon the specification of the light that has been used. Recessed lighting is the widely applied feature and has fixtures that are attached to the ceiling to look appealing. The forms of lighting can utilize the narrow spotlight beams and c ould even be made with reflectors. There are also the cases when the downlights comprising internal reflector could be designed to accommodate the A-lamps. Furthermore, the downlights could be LED, fluorescent, high density discharge or indecadent (Theraj, 2001). Another form of lighting is track lighting. This form of lighting earned popularity because it was easy to install, compared to the recessed form of lighting. Its fixtures are now also made decorative and can also be attached to the walls. The current popularity of these forms of lighting rests upon its ability to use low voltage, yet they assure safety in addition to the fact that they are decorative. Their circuits are fed by master transformers through the fixtures on the rod, as opposed to the approach where even light is fed by a set of transformers.The third form of lighting is cable lighting, which is simply a modified form of track lighting. Here, the lights hang from clipped cables that rest on tension. Nevertheles s, illuminated ceiling is also another form of lighting that was popular in the 1970s. This form of lighting relied on the panels of diffusers that were suspended below the fluorescent lights. It finds a lot of application in all the general forms of lighting. Lastly, neon lighting could also be considered as a form of lighting, which mainly served an artistic function. Cul-de-sac Street lighting. Here, one of the requirement is that the luminaries should be designed so that they are in compliance with the local zoning laws. The IES Lighting Handbook offes comprehensive insights regarding the values that should be accorded to the exterior spaces. If the building program makes specifications of a flood lighting, they should be provided while the exterior lighting should be such that it blends with the external features of the buildings. Roadway and Parking Lighting. The roadway and parking lighting should be integrated with HD sources of light but should not go beyond the recommded v alues of 4 to 10 and 10 to 1 ratios. The parking areas should have luminaries that are not only efficient but also mounted on the poles. Sodium lamps may be preferable, but their impact should blend well with the environment. TASK 2 The Principles of Good Lighting Design There are various principles that have been developed regarding efficient lighting and lighting systems. The widely adopted

Friday, November 15, 2019

Capital Assets Pricing model |Analysis

Capital Assets Pricing model |Analysis Since 1970 the financial company using the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate their cost of the portfolio performance and the cost of capital. However, there are a lot of models in assets pricing have to identify the riskiness of the assets, and there are many of the researchers have developed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) and contribute in pricing the risky financial assets such as, Mossin (1966), Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). CAPM calculated the risk of assets by measuring the risk premium for each unit across the entire assets and measuring the means of market beta. Therefore, the CAPM module has a linear relationship between the market beta and the risk premium of the assets which can be considered as a methodical risk. Moreover, the CAPM illustrated that the assets return is fluctuated due to the values of the assets market beta. (Fazil, 2007) Advantages of CAPM However, Capita Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) is useful to examine the performance of portfolios and evaluating the cost of equity for the companies. And determine the theories of asset pricing. While, before CAPM had been founded by John Linter (1965) and William Sharpe (1964) there were no models can help in assets pricing models and predictions about returns and risk. The attraction of the capital asset pricing model considered to be powerful in assessing the risk and determine the relationship between the risk and expected return. In contrast, the simplicity of the CAPM reflects true failing and let to an inefficient record about invalidate the way it is used in applications. Also, the inadequacy of the empirical tests and proxies for the market portfolio led to fail in the model. However, if the difficulties of the market broker invalidate the model test, it also will cancel many applications, which normally lend the market broker used in empirical tests. While, for the expectation about the expected return and risk, the researcher will start with the logic summary. After that, will illustrate the previous empirical application on the model and explanation about the challenges of the shortcoming of the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) (Fama and French, 2003) Fama and French model The assessment of the cost of equity and the expected return for the individual investor or individual share is considered to be an important point for the financial decision, for instance, the investors who are associated to the capital budgeting, evaluating the performance and portfolio management. Therefore, there are two alternatives for this reason. Firstly, we can use on a factor which is Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). Secondly, we can use the there-factor model which is known as Fama and French model. Although, there are many indications from academic literature for assess and evaluating the portfolio returns, and there are many users of the two models such as, Bruner, Eades, Harris and Higgins (1998) and Graham Harvey (2001) who prefer the (CAPM) model to assess and evaluate the cost of equity.( Bartholdy and Peare, 2005). The (CAPM) model consider the accurately of choosing a market portfolio broker, and the difference in the returns of the security is the only appropriate source of methodical risk. Consequently, the premium of the risk on the portfolio of the securities or individual security consider as the function of methodical risk which can be measured by beta on the appropriate benchmark index. In contrast, Fama and French (1993) changed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) to three factors. Firstly, portfolios explain the variation in the return of the company with high opposed to the low market value ratio. Secondly, portfolios illustrate the difference in the expected returns of large and small companies (SMB). Finally, the premium of the risk on the security is primary for methodical risk and can be measured by betas. Moreover, Carhart (1997) added new factor for the Fama and French risk-return, and brings in a fourth factor known as a price momentum factor. This factor explains the tend ency of the company with positive previous profits in order to gain positive future returns and for companies with negative previous profits in order to gain negative future returns. However, this model (Fama and French Model) is applying statistical regression as follows: r rft =a j +b j rmt rft +b j SMBt +b j HMLt +e jt (1) where, rjt: is the known profits on security j over period of time t; rmt: is the profit have been made from the market over the period t. I got the chain of the known profit on the market, (rmt-rft) from ken Frenchs website4 where it is illustrated as the value weight return on all NASDAQ, AMEX and NYSE shares (from CRSP) and deducting the treasury bill for one month. Rft: is the rate of the risk free over the period t and explained here by the monthly profit on the quarter period of treasury bill a j: is the cut off and explained by the Arbitrage pricing model in order to be equal to zero. b1 to b3 : is the betas factor on the factors of three risks which include the HML, SMB and the excess return on the market. e jt : is the remaining profits on the portfolio j over the period of t SMBt: is the variation in the profits for the small companies against companies over the period of t. HMLt: is the variation in the profits of the companies with big market value (B/M) ratio against the profits of the companies that have low B/M ratio. However, Carharts (1997) divided this model (Fama and French model) as follow: r r =a +b r r +b SMB +b HML +b MOM +e (2) The price momentum factor (MOM) considers as the profit on high prior return portfolio and detected the average profit on low prior profit portfolios, which is the average profits on securities with the top profit from the performance over the previous years minus the average profit on securities, which is had the bad profits from the performance (Bello ,2008) Criticism of CAPM Capital Assets Pricing Model does not give a clear view about the average stock returns. Particularly, the CAPM does not illustrate why during the previous 40 years, small shares do better than large shares. Also, CAPM does not illustrate how the companies which have high rate of a book to market (B/M) ratio did better than the companies with low (B/M) ratios. Moreover, it does not explain why the shares that continue to achieve high profit do better than the companies which achieve low profits. However, the aim of this research is to comprehend if the version of CAPM can illustrate these patterns. According to Jensen (1968), Dybving and Ross (1985), Jagannathan and Wang (1996) who said that the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) can carry perfectly, time by the time, although that the shares are mispriced by the capital assets pricing model CAPM. Also, the unqualified alpha can be zero when the alpha is not conditional, and if beta fluctuates during the time and is related with the market volatility or equity. In other words, the portfolio of the market can be variance and efficient. (Hansen and Richard, 1987) Furthermore, there are many studies discussed that the time varying beta can illustrate the effect of B/M and the size. Also, Zhang (2005) contributes in developing the model when the high risk premium will lead to high B/M stock. Moreover, many researchers as Lettau and Ludvigson (2001), Lustig and Van Nieuwerburgh (2005), Jagannathan and Wang (1996), and Santos and Veronesi (2006) who explained that high, small B/M beat shares will be varying during the trade cycle, and according to the researchers, widely explained why those shares have good alpha. (Lewellena and Nagel, 2006) According to Fama and French (1992) who illustrate a value premium in u.s share return in 1963, and shares that have a high ratio of the book value of equity to the market value of equity have higher profits than shares with a non-high book to market ratio. Expand the exam back to 1926, Fama and French (2000) document a rate premium in the profit of the beginning period. Moreover, Fama and French (1993) illustrate that the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964), Ang and Chen (2005) and Lintner (1965) did not explain the premium value. Also, Loughran (1997) said the premium value from 1963 to 1995 in any case exacting to small shares. This paper has three aims. Firstly, to give a clear picture about the value premium fluctuating with the company size. Secondly, evaluating if ÃŽÂ ² is in relative to the average profit by capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Finally, to measure whether the market of capital assets pricing model (CAPM) ÃŽÂ ²s illustrate the premiums value. Therefore, the results of the variation in premium value are easily summarized. Moreover, Loughran`s (1997) proved that and said there is no premium value among large shares appear to be exacting to (1) applying the book-to- market ratio as he growth value indicator. (2) the post-1963 period (3) determines the test to u.s. shares. During the period 1926 to 1963, the premium value is the same for small and big u.s. shares and when we use price earnings ratio rather than market to book ratio in order to distinguish growth stock and value, and during the period 1963-2004 introduce small variation between the premium value to big and small us shares. Moreover, they used another sample test, and they measured international premium value during the period 1975 to 2004 from 14 main markets outside the united states of America (USA), and the results of B/M or E/P on international stocks shows that the premium value is parallel to big and small shares, and the indication on the USA premium va lue and the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) is a bit more difficult. The overall premium value in the USA average profit is very similar and there is no variation before and after 1963, while Franzoni (2001) found that market ÃŽÂ ²s fluctuated dramatically. After that period, stocks value to indicate to lower ÃŽÂ ²s than stock growth the overturn of the needs of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to illustrate the premium value. Accordingly, the capital assets pricing model fails the exam during the period 1963 to 2004; if or not one permit to for time variation ÃŽÂ ²s over the period 1963 to 2004. Furthermore, the stock value had higher ÃŽÂ ²s compared to growth stock, and Ang and Chen (2005) found that the capital assets pricing model determined the premium value in higher rate. And it is tempting to gather that the capital assets pricing model gives a good explanation of the average profits before 1963. Conclusion According to the CAPM which suggests that the all difference in ÃŽÂ ² across securities is the same method with the expected returns. On the other hands Fama and French (1992) suggest that the difference in ÃŽÂ ² connected to size proves up in the average returns when the portfolio is created on size and ÃŽÂ ², but the difference in ÃŽÂ ² unconnected to the size appears to go unrewarded. This proposes that disagree with the CAPM, the size or a non-ÃŽÂ ² risk linked to the size that counts, not with ÃŽÂ ². Thus the examinations here expand this result. When the portfolios are formed on the size, B/M, and ÃŽÂ ², they find that the difference in ÃŽÂ ² linked with B/M and size are compensated with the average of the returns for 1928 to 1963, on the other hands the difference in ÃŽÂ ² unconnected to size and B/M goes unrewarded during the period 1928 to 1963. (Fama, and French, 2006) In conclusion, our evidence that the variation in ÃŽÂ ² is irrelevant to B/M and size is unrewarded in average profits is as efficient for huge shares and for small shares. This should lay to rest the common claim that experiential infringement of the capital assets pricing model is inconsequential due to the limited small shares and consequently, small fraction of invested wealth. Communication: A Literature Review Communication: A Literature Review Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction People communicate since they are part of society. The speech plays the main role in the communication, since it can express complicated ideas through important tone in the use of wide range of means. However the function of speech is not only convey information or messages but also connected with the interaction between people. This interaction supposed to be polite as etiquette of absolute majority of culture so that people can feel comfortable while communicate. Due to this, politeness should be applied in daily conversation. Politeness is a phenomenon that has been drawing a lot of attention in recent years. According to Huang (2008), everyone perceives as natural and understood what it means. According to many linguists, the importance of politeness strategies lies in maintaining a social order and is seen as â€Å"a precondition of human cooperation† (Brown Levinson, 2000, xiii). Lakoff said that the purpose of politeness is to avoid conflicts (Lakoff, 1889. 101). Polit eness strategies are learned when your mother tells you to thank someone who has, for example, given you a present for your fifth birthday. It seems to be very important to stick to these conventions, which have developed since human being exists. However, the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson is widely accepted and utilized as the basis for research by the researchers in the field of not only sociolinguistics but of psychology, business, and so on (Yuka, 2009). This study will focusing on the use of Brown and Levinson politeness strategies among University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) student and measure the frequency they used it. 2.1 Politeness Theory/Principle Politeness theory is the theory that accounts for the redressing of the insults to face posed by face-threatening acts to addressees. Politeness theory, derived from Goffinan’s (1967) understanding of â€Å"facework,† suggests that all individuals hold two primary desires, positive face (the desire to be liked by others) and negative face (the desire to have one’s actions unconstrained by others). In our interpersonal interactions, we occasionally threaten others’ face needs, or desires, by exposing them to criticisms which is positive face threatening acts and requests which called negative face threatening acts. According to Simpson (1997), Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) is utterances that disrupt the balance of face maintenance. Thus, the manner in which we criticize or make requests of another is influenced by the degree of politeness that we wish to convey. Goffman’s (1967) argued that maintaining face feels good will showed an emotional attachme nt to the face that we maintain and disruptions of this, or losing face, results in a loss of the internal emotional support that is protecting oneself in a social situation. Plus, maintaining it is the expression of the speakers’ intention to mitigate face threats carried by certain face threatening acts toward another (Mills, 2003, p. 6). Relying on a Grician framework, proposed the Politeness Principle (PP) and elaborated on politeness as a regulative factor in communication through a set of maxims (Grice, 1989). Politeness, as found out, is a facilitating factor that influences the relation between ‘self’, which means the speaker, and ‘other’ that is the addressee and/or a third party. Besides, it minimizing the expression of impolite beliefs as the beliefs are unpleasant or at a cost to it (Leech, 1983). Later, politeness formulated by Brown Levinson (1978;1987). Politeness theory has since expanded academia’s perception of politeness. B esides, in an extension of Goffman’s (1967) discussion of face, Brown and Levinson (1978) also used two types of face that Goffman mentioned. Another scholar Yule, (2006) defines positive face is the pro-social person you present yourself as while negative face suggests giving space to disagreement or refusal, to have freedom of action and not to be imposed by others. In addition, politeness theory by Brown Levinson, (1978;1987) is a dynamic theory of human behavior describing linguistic strategies associated with politeness behavior. Because of its all-encompassing nature and ability to accommodate diverse aspects of human behavior, such as cross-cultural differences, gender roles, exchange theory, and interpersonal address, this theory has been considered to be both exemplary and a desirable ideal for experimental social psychology as a whole (R. Brown, 1990). However this study was not to examine face conceptualization as past study by Rudick (2010) which the researcher was tried to get perception of students by combining politeness strategies and face conceptual with classroom justice scales. Yet this study is just focused on the use of politeness strategies among Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) students and the frequency scale of each strategy. 2.2 Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies Brown and Levinson’s approach is based on Goffman’s study on the notion of face. Goffman (1967) defines face as an image of self-delineated in terms of approved social attributes. The moment a certain face is taken, it will have to be lived up to. Here he coins the expressions ‘to lose face’ and ‘to save one’s face’. From these concepts, the following expressions are derived: ‘to have, be in or maintain face’, which stand for an internally consistent face to be in the wrong face, which refers to the situation when information clashes with the face which a person sustains; and to be ‘out of face’, which means that a participant’s expect line is not yet prepared for a certain situation (Goffman, 1967). Goffman claims that interaction, especially face to face talk, is ruled by a mutual acceptance that participants in an encounter will tend to maintain their own face, defensive orientation, as well as other p articipants’ faces, protective orientation. â€Å"To study face-saving†, he states, â€Å"is to study the traffic rules of social interaction† (1967:12). According to him, face- saving actions are usually standardized practices which differ from one society to another as well as among subcultures and even individuals. Despite the differences, everyone is expected to have some knowledge and experience of how face work is used. Brown and Levinson borrowed these concepts and elaborated them somewhat in order to define the strategies that speakers follow when constructing messages. They treat the aspects of face as ‘basic wants’, and they address the universality of the notion of face. According to them, face has a twofold character positive face, which stands for the desire to be approved of and negative face, which responds to the desire that one’s actions are not hindered (Brown and Levinson 1987). They shape the term face-threatening acts (FT As), and agree with Goffman that interlocutors will try to maintain others people’s faces as well as their own. Therefore, the effect of FTAs will be minimized as much as possible through linguistic strategies (Brown and Levinson 1987). There are four strategies in politeness based on Brown and Levinson which are positive politeness, negative politeness, bold on record and bold off record. However, in this study, bold off record is not included because the theory is not deeply explained and difficult to collect data in classroom interaction. According to David A. Morand ( 2003 ), this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning. Based on past study by Scollon and Scollon (1995), negative politeness is often preferable than positive politeness among British people. On this study, the researcher again will used Scollon and Scollon’s hypothesis to measure a qualitative data among UTAR student which can be clearly state a s Asian people. To fulfill the needs of this study the researcher applied three out of four politeness strategies. First strategy is positive politeness which mean an expression of solidarity which can say as appreciating addressee’s positive face and sharing the same values plus an act of sympathy towards the addressee. In other word, no inference required (Hirschova, 2006). Meanwhile based on Brown and Levinson (1987), positive politeness is a sender’ attempt to communicate intimacy with receivers. This kind of intimacy can be noticed in a friendly and familiar conversation in which the relationship between addresser and addressee is close. Second type is negative politeness which enables the speaker to avoid conflict among them while communicate by hesitating and softening the utterance with devices such as modality or indirect questions (Rudick, 2010). To make it clear, according to Brown and Levinson (1987), negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee’s negative face. In other word, the key aspect is the addresser show respect towards the addressee by giving him/her freedom to react in a free way. In fact it used more intended enunciation in a careful way with a set of polite phrase examples Could you,†¦Sorry to bother you but,†¦ The addresser is extremely indirect so as not to harm the addressee’s negative face and hurt their feeling. Usually this strategy happened among unfamiliarity between the addresser and addressee or their different social status. Third type is bald on record which can be defined as a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way (Brown and Levinson, 1978;1987) For example â€Å"Do it!†. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be generally stated as whenever the speaker wants to do FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy hearer’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record strategy. Final type is bald off record which Brown and Levinson (1987) defined as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an â€Å"out† by providing her/himself with a number of defensible interpretations. S/he cannot be held to have committed her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, Brown and Levinson claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act. Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. One says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must make some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says â€Å"It is hot in here†, the hidden meaning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner. However due to this hidden meaning and ambiguous, this strategy will not be carry out to collect data on the use of politeness among UTAR student. This statement was agree by the scholar David A. Morand ( 2003 ) in his book ‘Gender talk at work’ by mentioned this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning. To sum up, the politeness strategies may be applied and this study and this study will investigate how student use Brown and Levinson (1978;1987) politeness strategies with their instructors based on open ended question given and finally this study will measure or calculate the frequency that student used on the three type of politeness strategies. 2.3 Classroom interaction Language classrooms can be seen as sociolinguistic environments (Cazden, 1988) and discourse communities (Hall and Verplaetse, 2000) in which interaction is believed to contribute to learners’ language development. According to a review of studies in the area of classroom interaction and language learning presented by Hall and Verplaetse (2000), interactive processes are not strictly individual or equivalent across learners and situations; language learning is a social enterprise, jointly constructed, and intrinsically linked to learners’ repeated and regular participation in classroom activities. Based on Ghosh (2010), classroom interaction is a practice that enhances the development of the two very important language skills which are speaking and listening among the learners. This device helps the learner to be competent enough to think critically and share their views among their peers. A major goal of is to provide a prospective teachers with sufficient knowledge, s kills and behavior to enable them to function effectively in future teaching experience. Interaction has a similar meaning in the classroom. We might define classroom interaction as a two-way process between the participants in the learning process. The teacher influences the learners and vice versa. The teacher’s role is important to influence the learner. It is the responsibility of the teacher to create a learning atmosphere inside the classroom. It is through these interactive sessions that the teacher can extract responses from learners and motivate them to come out with new ideas related to the topic. Teacher is an observer who helps the learners to construct an innovative learning product through group discussions, debates and many more. Teacher also will define their self as a planner who plans out the best of the modules of interaction that would be effective to invite the learners in classroom interaction (Ghosh, 2010). Meanwhile, in vice versa which the learners ar e trying to influence the teacher is by students’ sense of social relatedness in classroom (Connell and Wellborn, 1991). When students experience a sense of belonging at school and supportive relationships with teachers and classmates, they are motivated to participate actively and appropriately in the life of the classroom.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Addiction :: essays research papers

Addiction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have all seen the ads on television that show a lady talking and breathing through a hole in her throat. There are also ads that show kids in situations where their peers are trying to get them to smoke. Twenty years ago these types of commercials were not available, instead you had Joe Cool, Marlboro Man, and many beautiful people who are shown as popular and attractive people because of the cigarettes that they were smoking. The truth is it was all a falsity. Those people who smoke will experience more pain and heartache in their shortened lifetime than that of non-smokers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While I have never smoked, I have seen what it can do to not only those who do smoke, but the people they know as well. Both of my mom’s parents have smoked ever since she had been born. Smoking was not an unusual sight to her. She was also not aware of the adverse affects that smoking has physically, mentally, and emotionally. Nicotine, which is the drug in cigarettes, has been said to be one of the most addictive drugs. Both of my grandparents were addicted, my mom followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been seven years since my grandma has died from smoking. She didn’t get a chance to have a surgery, or any other form of assistance to help her live longer. She died in her sleep of emphysema. This hit my mom very hard as she was close to my grandma. Her death led my mom to attempt to quit smoking several times, all failures. I couldn’t understand why it was so difficult. I had watched my dad kick the habit 4 years prior to my grandma’s death. In my eyes it should be easy to quit something that is so harmful, to not only yourself, but to those around you as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandma’s death also led to a few changes in my grandpa’s life. He began to think he didn’t have anything else to live for and constantly would smoke and drink. Both of which has caused him many medical problems in the past year. It appears that among other things, he too has emphysema. With this, he has come close to dying two times in the past year. What is worse is that he knows what is wrong and could do something to change his situation. Where he wouldn’t be able to live forever if he was to quit smoking, he would at least make it a few years longer.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Etrade Baby Essay

A Talking Infant, Financial Systems, & Golf What do a talking baby, stock markets, and golf all have in common? Nothing, right? Wrong. E*Trade – a popular public online financial services group – uses all three of these entities to create a commercial that has had people talking for years. When the commercial is over, you are left in shock at what you just saw, a baby in a high-chair talking about the stock market. But will the ad’s weirdness produce sales of the company’s program for years to come as well? Or just make it a highly talked about YouTube video? To the contrary, E*Trade does a professional job in conveying its message of simplicity to â€Å"average Joes† who are looking to either become day traders, start a retirement fund, or even banking. E*Trade’s main audience is not a person with a net worth or five million dollars. E*Trade is looking to sell their product to â€Å"average joe† type clients. It can be assumed this because E*Trade uses the financial term â€Å"401k† in their commercial; this is the most popular tax investment form everyone has. The main character of the commercial is â€Å"The E*Trade Baby,† but there’s a catch, the baby speaks with a mature older man’s voice. This adds a sense of weirdness to the commercial right off the bat. One may question the validity of a company whose commercials star a talking baby, but this is a clever marketing approach because if people see a talking baby, something they don’t see every day, they will immediately become engaged in the commercial. E*Trade uses a baby as a symbol for inexperience, simplicity and an older man’s voice for knowledge. E*Trade wants to show the audience that if a baby can you use the program, so can the audience. They also want to show knowledge, that E*Trade is a reliable and trusted company, so they use the voice of an older man to portray legitimacy. E*Trade wants to declare that â€Å"Yes, this is a legit company and yes, we’re simple to use,† so a talking baby fits in perfectly to both categories. Just like the Old Spice commercials talked about in class, the E*Trade Baby ads have many spinoffs with numerous situations the baby is in. The commercial I am focusing on is set in a golf country club locker room. The ad starts off with the baby talking to a man named Frank. The baby says â€Å"Ah, this is weak, man. Frank’s trying to not pay me my winnings for the skins beat down I just issued him. † The baby has now caught the attention of the audience with this opening line because people are drawn into the weirdness of a talking baby in the commercial. Now when he starts to talk about finance and what the company actually does, viewers will be already engaged. Not only does the talking baby raise questions that attract us to this ad, but there are many other. For instance, why is a baby playing golf with old man? And why is there a computer in the locker room of a country golf club? All All these questions have no answers but it draws us into the commercial and makes us connected to it, hopefully throughout the commercial we will find answers to these questions, but in this case we do not. E*Trade’s goal is to get a lot of publicity and attention with their commercials while providing us with the smallest amount of information. This is because E*Trade wants people to inquire about the company and have them visit E*Trade’s website us. etrade. com. Once on the website, people will be impressed by the fancy website that proves it is a legitimate company, and lured into signing up for an account The baby says â€Å"His (Frank) 401k’s tankin. Ya gotta grab the reins man. Get E*Trade, do some analytics, do some research (into the stock market), and take charge so I don’t have to subsidize your lack of skills. † There’s actually a lot of information about the company and its message all in that little saying. The E*Trade baby uses a clever balance a financial terms and jokes to put the viewer in an informal setting while talking about a big decision a person must make. E*Trade is not an elite company for only the â€Å"one-percenters† to use. E*Trade’s goal is to get skilled and novice users with just a little amount of money to open an accountant. Using the term 401k is strategically brilliant because everyone who works for a company most likely has one. E*Trade could have used any tax form number, but chose the most popular one to relate to the most people and with the current economy, it’s probably on the minds of most people right now. When the baby says, â€Å"Do some analytics, do some research, and take charge,† he is describing the job of the novice investor. The baby is now describing that when using the E*Trade software, you are able to look at analytical charts and graphs, read news articles and research about potential stock purchases and basically to take charge of your life. E*Trade does not buy and sell stock for you; you have to do it yourself. You are in control of the future and E*Trade presents the question â€Å"What are you going to do to prepare yourself for it? † It’s hard to tell whom is the exact audience E*Trade is trying to promote itself to, but assumptions can be made. Since it is a golf setting in a country club, they are focusing on males anywhere from 20s to 60s (the general range of persons with a 401k). E*Trade did a good job picking a wide range of ages with this advertisement, which is what makes it such a good ad! Since the ad is set in a country club locker room, E*Trade is also advertising to a certain class of people I believe: well educated men who know a think about finance and who play golf. Golf is an expensive sport. I think if you have money to play golf you would be interested and would know the benefits of investing. But are they also advertising to a whole inclusive audience with a cute baby to grab the attentions of mothers and grandmothers? Only the directions and producers know that answer. You can have a good commercial, the best commercial ever known to man. But if you don’t have the right exposure no one will see it. E*Trade played this commercial before and after Superbowl XLII on February 1, 2009. Back to what was said before on the age of the audience, 20s to 60s. That basically sums up the audience of the Superbowl as well; perfect. E*Trade picked the most opportune time to run this commercial and not only reaches its projected audience, but all 90 some odd million people that tune in each year to watch the game, and the commercials. Another part of the commercial that is important to take into consideration is the point of view in which we view the commercial. Since the program E*Trade is used on a computer, the great minds behind this commercial put the camera where a usually webcam should be. This is to provide a visual of where the user of E*Trade’s product will be using the product. This is brilliant because now we see the baby sitting in a chair in front of the computer using a keyboard and a mouse, in the same spot where we would use the program was well. The E*Trade Baby Commercial is trying to sell to their audience a financial services program available to download on the computer. E*Trade does a good job in getting the attention of its viewer and making a hard subject of finance fun and entertaining. E*Trade describes everything that their company’s mission statement says that they are, â€Å"A financial services ompany that is simple to use. Designed with the user in mind. † There is no doubt in my mind that this commercial will go down as a classic and will have people talking about the â€Å"E*Trade baby† for years to come. To respond to the question previously stated in the beginning of this paper. Even though this commercial will be popular for years to come, will the ad produce sales of the company’s program for years to c ome as well? It turns out, no. When a person is looking to invest in money, they normally look for a company that is well-reputable and well-respected. Humor is no doubt, un-debatable, a marketing tool to grab the attention of a viewer, but humor in advertising is very hard to pull off because you simply never know what people will laugh out. Some think it funny, others think it’s not. In order for a commercial to use humor, the company should be trying to sell humor. Clearly E*Trade does not sell humor.. Instead of a talking baby to grab the audience’s attention and provide a laugh, E*Trade should create a well-informative commercial that captures the audience’s attention and show how one can benefit from using E*Trade.

Friday, November 8, 2019

They Probably Know More Than You Think! Essays - Privacy

They Probably Know More Than You Think! Essays - Privacy They Probably Know More Than You Think! They Probably Know More Than You Think! Privacy and freedom are extremely valued in our society, and are to some extent legally guaranteed rights by the constitution. Rapid advances in technology, in conjunction with compelling motives to use this technology to control and exploit aspects of human life in general, as well as the workplace, make urgent the question of what uses of the technology should be permitted. This is a tough questions, but if businesses would realize that their employees are the reason that they stay in business then they would not have to violate the privacy rights of people. Employees and companies need to work together to get past the employer/employee tension that makes employees steal etc..., and employers put up surveillance equipment etc... However there may only be 1 out of 50 employees stealing so does this justify the surveillance or the other 49 (WRAC 420)? What about every day life? Would you want to have lists of everything about you concocted and put on computer databases for the whole world to know? There really is a serious problem with the violation of individual privacy today. From the workplace, to buying a vacuum and becoming part of a mailing list, to the stress that lack of privacy causes people, no one is safe from, big brother. No one likes to have someone sit over them and watch all the time, and no one likes to be watched when they don't even know about it. Without probable cause that one committed a crime no one has the right to deprive the right of privacy to another, whether it be by selling names to a mailing list or cameras watching every move they make while in the office. In the workplace there has been an ongoing battle over what employers may do to monitor employees. The work place isn't a place where you can expect the privacy of your own home. However no one should have to be subjected to having their e-mail read or constantly being monitored by cameras. Westin believes that any business that wants to survive in this service oriented environment is going to have to be concerned about the quality of service that is delivered through the telecommunications and database oriented interface with the consumer (Westin 458). These kinds of surveillance create a stressful situation and are a distracting means of employer surveillance evidence of this in his essay: 43 percent of monitored employees said that they suffered a loss of feeling in their fingers and wrists, while only 27 percent of unmonitored employees complained of high tension as opposed to 67 percent of unmonitored workers (Whalen 436). The damage done by a few corrupt or unprofessional execu tives is far greater than somebody taking a little too long for a coffee break (Whalen 436). In the work place a happy medium should be reached between employer/employee, such as a reward system for honesty and quality work instead of driving employees crazy with unneeded surveillance equipment. The undue stress put on people by new technology is inexcusable. People don't like to feel like they are being looked at, and when they do feel this way it causes stress both psychological and physical (Whalen 436). This really isn't a problem in grocery stores or gas stations where surveillance is needed to keep customers from stealing, but more in the office setting where the employee may feel like Big Brother, is waiting to pounce on even the most minor mistake. This stress that is caused makes employees less productive, and leaves people out and about in everyday life checking their behavior so they won't get caught on tape doing or saying something that could later be misconstrued and held against them. The solution to this is that there need to be limits on how that kind of technology is used, (Whalen 437). Also the stress factor needs to be recognized as the overall negative thing it is and that it should be avoided. How do you feel when you mail order something, and then receive every bit of junk mail that is even closely related to what you ordered? This is only the tip of the iceberg (Glastonbury

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Definition and Examples of Verbless Clauses in English

Definition and Examples of Verbless Clauses in English In English grammar, a verbless clause is a clause-like construction in which a verb element is implied but not present. Such clauses are usually adverbial, and the omitted verb is a form of be. Also known as a  free adjunct (or a free adjunct without a verbal form) and a nominal sentence. Examples and Observations Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb element, and often also no subject. They are regarded as clauses because they function in ways which make them equivalent to finite and non-finite clauses and because they can be analyzed in terms of one or more clause elements. (Geoffroy Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, 1975)A verbless clause . . . is considered a clause because it is dealing with a separate piece of information in relation to the main clause. For example, in the sentence, In the interests of the local children, the council should reconsider its decision, there are two separate pieces of information: the main clausethe council should reconsider its decision; and a dependent clause that deals with issues that interest local children. In this clause, however, the verb has been nominalized resulting in a verbless clause. Verbless clauses are different from adverbial phrases. The latter provide some information to do with the time, place, or m anner in which something happens within an existing clause. Verbless clauses, on the other hand, provide a separate piece of information outside of an existing clause. (Peter Knapp and Megan Watkins, Genre, Text, Grammar: Technologies for Teaching and Assessing Writing. UNSW Press, 2005)

Monday, November 4, 2019

Why have the western and melodrama featured so prominently in genre Essay

Why have the western and melodrama featured so prominently in genre criticism - Essay Example 2). The sentiment was rather exaggerated yet films shown in different forms of media such as television, theaters and video cassete are absolutely the channel of the general public’s entertainment and are the embodiment of a democratic cultural framework. However, the primary significance of the film industry in the creation of pleasure for the general public does not necessarily imply that it can be a dimension of the cultural and historical indication. But the reality that films get in touch with the mass audience means that they represent some of the unconsious and conscious experiences of the general public, or probably a considerable portion of it (MacBean 1975, p. 48). Nevertheless, in the case of the American film industry, it is painstaking for many art scholar and historian to discern the relationship between Hollywood films and popular consciousness from the time 1940s until the contemporary period. The popular mind itself is multifaceted. It is inticately divided into different categories such as age, gender, ethnicity and social class and is habitually inconsistent and unstable in response. During the late sixties and early seventies, in the span of four or five years, the general movie audience shifted away from compassion towards social deviance of Bonnie and Clyde (1967) to the justice and regulate vigilantism of Dirty Harry (1971), and it is uncertain if that constant alteration of movie preference is in commune with some deep-seated transformation of popular feeling. However, it is probable that these divergent outlooks toward wickedness and crime coexisted in the American society, and the films further influence the already heteregenous American public. Likewise, it is difficult to determine the factors that contribute to the popular success of a particular film (Neale 1981, p. 11). For instance, did the movie Rambo garner its popularity because of its political underto ne such as

Friday, November 1, 2019

Fast-talking Dames In The Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast-talking Dames In The Films - Essay Example The film â€Å"Adams Ribs† constructs Amanda as a Fast-Talking Dame. Amanda is ahead of time in her career and speech. The film introduces a woman who after learning that her husband is having an affair with another woman, fires a gun at them but one bullet hits her husband on the shoulder. The case is allover in the newspapers. Banners family consists of both the husband and the wife being in the law profession. The case is received differently by the couple. This brings an argument in the family apartment because Adam is assigned the case on the prosecutor side while Amanda seeks the accused who agrees she represent her as a personal lawyer. Amanda sympathizes with the woman because she believes that it illegal for a man to cheat on his wife. This feeling pushes her to request the woman if she may represent her as the lawyer in the case because she believes in equality. Amanda tries to outweigh her husband in the career. Also, Adam cannot keep the pace of Amanda speech since she talks very fast when arguing in the house about the case she is representing the accused. This constructs Amanda as a fast talking dame. In the courtroom ,Amanda bases her argument on the issue that both sexes are equal. However, Adam reminds Amanda that there is a difference between a woman and a man but, Amanda argues that the difference is quite small, Adam still insists the difference is significant. This is traditional notion that mocks the female who try to compete with the men since they should be seen and not heard Finally, at the end of the case, Amanda is able to convince the judge who makes the ruling in her favor. Thus, Amanda’s client is not found guilty. Amanda seems to be very dominant in the film. Almost all arguments that arise she emerges as the winner due to her good command of speech that Adam find so hard to keep up with.